1 peak 15%
Elastic plate only
R = max(normalized curvature, normalized compliance) Stress data is not available for these bends yet.
Same part and tooling, seven topology-aware plastic-strain fields. Gray is low demand; yellow → orange → red approaches failure.
R = max(normalized curvature, normalized compliance)R = load crowding + path turning from the plate potentialR = edge utilization; min-cut = 1 after capacity collapseR = max(Rplate, Rredirect)εp = Sgap · exp(−d/(0.8t))εp = Sgap · exp(−d/(2.2t))εp = max(εedge, 0.72·Sgap between cut and punch)εp = Sgap^1.5 · exp(−d/(1.6t))Recent heuristic: every non-compact forming-strip opening may yieldRecent heuristic: non-compact missing contact = local failureR = max(edge strain, 0.85·curtain, nonlinear ligament)Previous display: max(edge, curtain, collapse, contact, capacity)εp = max(εedge, 0.72·Sgap between cut and punch)